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Use the present perfect for past actions that have a connection to the present or recent past.

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Use the preterite to describe completed past actions with a clear beginning or end.

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Use the imperfect to describe ongoing, habitual, or background actions in the past.

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Use the pluperfect (pluscuamperfecto) for past actions completed before another past action.

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Use for past-before-past; mainly literary.

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Use the future to express actions that will happen, predictions, or probability.

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Use the conditional for hypothetical situations, polite requests, or future in the past.

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Use the future perfect for actions that will have been completed by a future time.

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Use the conditional perfect for hypothetical past actions or actions that would have been completed.

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Use the present subjunctive for wishes, doubts, emotions, and after certain conjunctions.

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Use for past actions with present relevance in subjunctive contexts.

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Use for hypothetical or reported past (e.g. Si viviera…).

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Use for past-before-past in subjunctive contexts.

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Rare; legal/formal style.

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Rare; future perfect in subjunctive contexts.

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Affirmative imperative only. Negative imperative is available as a separate tense.

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Negative commands: use No + form (e.g. No hables.).

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