The most irregular verb in Spanish, with unique conjugations in most tenses.
ser -
Essential verb for describing identity, characteristics, origin, and time.
Irregular verb with unique forms in the present and preterite tenses.
estar -
Used for location, states, and conditions. Irregular in present (yo estoy) and preterite (estuve, etc.).
Auxiliary verb used to form compound tenses and as an impersonal verb.
haber -
Irregular in present (hay), preterite (hubo), and other forms. Used as an auxiliary and in impersonal expressions.
Verbs that add a "g" in the "yo" form and have e→ie stem change.
tener - venir - mantener - contener -
This model is common for verbs ending in -ener/-enir.
Verbs that lack certain forms, especially in the present and subjunctive tenses.
abolir - agredir - aguerrir - aterir - balbucir - blandir - colorir - despavorir - garantir - empedernir - manir - transgredir -
No 1st/2nd/3rd person singular or 3rd plural in present; no present subjunctive; only 2nd person plural in imperative.
Verbs ending in -uar (except -guar) with accentuation changes in the present.
actuar - continuar - fluctuar - insinuar - situar - graduar - acentuar - evacuar - valuar - puntuar - perpetuar - actuar -
Accent on "u" in present forms except nosotros/vosotros. Applies to many -uar verbs except -guar.
Verbs with i→ie stem change in the present.
adquirir - requirir - inquirir -
Irregular i→ie in present tense. Applies to adquirir and derivatives.
Verbs with orthographic and accentuation changes.
ahincar - arrancar - buscar - chocar - explicar - practicar - sacar - tocar -
Orthographic change (c→qu before e) and accentuation in some forms.
Verbs with accentuation changes in the present.
airar - ahijar - ahitar - desairar - descafeinar -
Accent on "i" in present forms except nosotros/vosotros. Applies to airar and similar verbs.
Verbs with root change and "uv" added in the preterite.
andar - desandar - reandar -
Root changes and "uv" added in preterite forms. Applies to andar and derivatives.
| Mood | Tense | Spanish | Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative | |||
| Present | presente | Present | |
| Impersonal | |||
| Infinitive | infinitivo | Present | |
| Future with ir + infinitive | ir + infinitivo | Future | |